28 research outputs found
Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΊΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ
The specifics of horizontal and vertical relations in Ukrainian political communication on the background of the party buildingβs process has been analysed. Aims of this article are: 1) determination of the subjectivity of political communication; 2) disclosure of the main features of internal politics and communications; 3) setting the essential features of the political partiesβ status after peaceful protests in Ukraine 2013-2014 year; 4) explanation of the actual gap that has horizontal and party political communication in Ukraine. Political modernization, capacity of Ukrainian political parties has been characterized. It has been shown that Maidan didnβt influenced tools of creating political parties and their typology greatly. Maidan as a political component was weak and did not respond to the challenges, which Ukrainian political system faced to. The weakness was in the fact that leaders of the oppositional political camp would rather keep old then implement real political change of the political system , which was adapted by the old oliharcial clan. Public sector was not able to identify their environment with new political leaders, nor with a mass movement, based on the creation of new organized political force. It has been found that in a democratic society communication is effective only if it is not only technically modern, interactive, two-way, but if it is consistent to other democratic demands, such as legal and moral control of society over the media, maintenance of basic pluralism, direct contact between senders and recipients of information, feeds decentralization, respect of freedom of expression and privat opinion. Summary of the political communication in Ukraine has to move away from thinking of policy and bureaucratic political consciousness. Otherwise, the simulation is effective and efficient for countries and regions where political communication can become a daily political farce communication in public space.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π³Π΅ΡΡ, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π±Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅.Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΊΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ, Π° Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π·ΠΌΡΠ³ Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ², Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡ
, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π± Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»Π°. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ, Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΎΡ, Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ - ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ, Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΠΆ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π°Π³Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΉΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ
Operando Spectroscopic Studies ofΒ CuβSSZ-13 forΒ NH3βSCR deNOx Investigates theΒ Role ofΒ NH3 inΒ Observed Cu(II) Reduction atΒ High NOΒ Conversions
The small pore zeolite chabazite (SSZ-13) in the copper exchanged form is a very efficient material for the selective catalytic reduction by ammonia (NH 3 ) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the exhaust of lean burn engines, typically diesel powered vehicles. The full mechanism occurring during the NH 3 βSCR process is currently debated with outstanding questions including the nature and role of the catalytically active sites. Time-resolved operando spectroscopic techniques have been used to provide new level of insights in to the mechanism of NH 3 βSCR, to show that the origin of stable Cu(I) species under SCR conditions is potentially caused by an interaction between NH 3 and the Cu cations located in eight ring sites of the bulk of the zeolite and is independent of the NH 3 βSCR of NOx occurring at Cu six ring sites within the zeolite
Morphological and micro-structural interface characterization in multilayer inverted polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
Inverted polymer solar cells based on P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction were prepared on flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate. The effect of annealing of the PEN/ITO/ZnO multilayer and ZnO/P3HT:PCBM on the structural, morphological, photophysical and photovoltaic properties was investigated and scrutinized directly on the OPV devices using atom probe tomography (APT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microfocus X-ray techniques. We carried out a 3D reconstruction of the interfaces of the multilayer containing PEN/ITO, ZnO/ITO and P3HT:PCBM/ZnO to address the interface micro-structure and its influence on the morphology of the photoactive film. The analyses show that the morphology of the interfaces is affected by the structure of each layer of the BHJ devices causing orientation of P3HT crystals with PCBM aggregates and ZnO, which in turn leads to a significant change of the charge transport across each layer and therefore photovoltaic performances
Direct observation of the evolving metalβsupport interaction of individual cobalt nanoparticles at the titania and silica interface
Understanding the metalβsupport interaction (MSI) is crucial to comprehend how the catalyst support affects performance and whether this interaction can be exploited in order to design new catalysts with enhanced properties. Spatially resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in combination with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Helium Ion-Milling Microscopy (SHIM) has been applied to visualise and characterise the behaviour of individual cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) supported on two-dimensional substrates (SiOxSi(100) (x < 2) and rutile TiO2(110)) after undergoing reductionβoxidationβreduction (ROR). The behaviour of the Co species is observed to be strongly dependent on the type of support. For SiOxSi a weaker MSI between Co and the support allows a complete reduction of CoNPs although they migrate and agglomerate. In contrast, a stronger MSI of CoNPs on TiO2 leads to only a partial reduction under H2 at 773 K (as observed from Co L3-edge XAS data) due to enhanced TiO2 binding of surface-exposed cobalt. SHIM data revealed that the interaction of the CoNPs is so strong on TiO2, that they are seen to spread at and below the surface and even to migrate up to βΌ40 nm away. These results allow us to better understand deactivation phenomena and additionally demonstrate a new understanding concerning the nature of the MSI for Co/TiO2 and suggest that there is scope for careful control of the post-synthetic thermal treatment for the tuning of this interaction and ultimately the catalytic performance
A deep convolutional neural network for real-time full profile analysis of big powder diffraction data
We present Parameter Quantification Network (PQ-Net), a regression deep convolutional neural network providing quantitative analysis of powder X-ray diffraction patterns from multi-phase systems. The network is tested against simulated and experimental datasets of increasing complexity with the last one being an X-ray diffraction computed tomography dataset of a multi-phase Ni-Pd/CeO2-ZrO2/Al2O3 catalytic material system consisting of ca. 20,000 diffraction patterns. It is shown that the network predicts accurate scale factor, lattice parameter and crystallite size maps for all phases, which are comparable to those obtained through full profile analysis using the Rietveld method, also providing a reliable uncertainty measure on the results. The main advantage of PQ-Net is its ability to yield these results orders of magnitude faster showing its potential as a tool for real-time diffraction data analysis during in situ/operando experiments
Synthesis, morphology and properties of segmented poly(ether ester amide)s comprising uniform glycine or Ξ²-alanine extended bisoxalamide hard segments
Segmented poly(ether ester amide)s comprising glycine or Ξ²-alanine extended bisoxalamide hard segments are highly phase separated thermoplastic elastomers with a broad temperature independent rubber plateau. These materials with molecular weights, Mn, exceeding 30 Γ 103 g molβ1 are conveniently prepared by polycondensation of preformed bisesterβbisoxalamides and commercially available PTHF diols. FT-IR revealed strongly hydrogen bonded and highly ordered bisoxalamide hard segments with degrees of ordering between 73 and 99%. The morphology consists of fiber-like nano-crystals randomly dispersed in the soft polymer matrix. The micro-structural parameters of the copolymers were addressed by simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. It is shown that the crystals have strictly identical thickness, which is close to the contour length of the hard segment. The long dimension of the crystals is identified with the direction of the hydrogen bonds. The melting transitions of the hard segments are sharp, with temperatures up to 170 Β°C. The studied polymers have an elastic modulus in the range of 139β170 MPa, a stress at break in the range of 19β31 MPa combined with strains at break of higher than 800%. The segmented copolymer comprising the Ξ²-alanine based bisoxalamide hard segment with a spacer of 6 methylene groups has a melting transition of 141 Β°C which is higher than the melting transition of its glycine analogue of 119 Β°C. Likewise, the fracture stress increased from 22 to 31 MPa when the glycine ester group in the hard segment was replaced with Ξ²-alanine. The improved thermal and mechanical properties of the latter polymers is related to the crystal packing of the Ξ²-alanine based hard segments in the copolymer compared to the packing of the hard segments comprising glycine ester group
A scalable neural network architecture for self-supervised tomographic image reconstruction
We present a lightweight and scalable artificial neural network architecture which is used to reconstruct a tomographic image from a given sinogram. A self-supervised learning approach is used where the network iteratively generates an image that is then converted into a sinogram using the Radon transform; this new sinogram is then compared with the sinogram from the experimental dataset using a combined mean absolute error and structural similarity index measure loss function to update the weights of the network accordingly. We demonstrate that the network is able to reconstruct images that are larger than 1024 Γ 1024. Furthermore, it is shown that the new network is able to reconstruct images of higher quality than conventional reconstruction algorithms, such as the filtered back projection and iterative algorithms (SART, SIRT, CGLS), when sinograms with angular undersampling are used. The network is tested with simulated data as well as experimental synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography and X-ray diffraction computed tomography data
Cycling Rate-Induced Spatially-Resolved Heterogeneities in Commercial Cylindrical Li-Ion Batteries
Synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction computed tomography has been employed to investigate, for the first time, commercial cylindrical Li-ion batteries electrochemically cycled over the two cycling rates of C/2 and C/20. This technique yields maps of the crystalline components and chemical species as a cross-section of the cell with high spatiotemporal resolution (550 Γ 550 images with 20 Γ 20 Γ 3 Β΅m3 voxel size in ca. 1 h). The recently developed Direct Least-Squares Reconstruction algorithm is used to overcome the well-known parallax problem and led to accurate lattice parameter maps for the device cathode. Chemical heterogeneities are revealed at both electrodes and are attributed to uneven Li and current distributions in the cells. It is shown that this technique has the potential to become an invaluable diagnostic tool for real-world commercial batteries and for their characterization under operating conditions, leading to unique insights into βrealβ battery degradation mechanisms as they occur
Synthesis and photostability of 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene (POPOP) structural isomers and their trimethylsilyl derivatives
In this work, a versatile synthetic method for preparation of linear phenyloxazoles and their organosilicon derivatives under mild conditions via a combination of van Leusen and direct CH arylation reactions is reported. It was used for the synthesis of a novel trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of blue laser dye 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene (POPOP) and its structural isomer 1,4-bis(2-phenyloxazol-5-yl)benzene (isoPOPOP) with and without TMS substituents. All of the compounds demonstrated high photoluminescence quantum yields and large molar extinction coefficients, which further increased for their TMS derivatives. Measurements of accelerated photodegradation of the dyes in diluted THF solutions revealed that POPOP-type compounds are twice more stable than their isoPOPOP-type isomers, independent of the presence or absence of TMS substituents. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) investigations revealed that POPOP-type dyes are more electrochemically stable as compared to their isoPOPOP-type isomers. Quantum chemical TD DFT calculations of the frontier energy levels of the dyes were in a good agreement with the experimental data obtained by CV. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments revealed significant structural differences between crystal lattices of the dyes. Due to facile synthesis and excellent optical properties as well as high photo- and thermo- stability the novel luminescent dyes may find wide application in organic photonics